Impact of meeting housing needs on human health.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To identify the impact of meeting the housing needs on human health, which must be taken into account when developing the health care policy for the country's population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The system of general scientific and special research methods was used during the research. The materials of the work were: statistical data; standards and recommendations regarding sanitary living conditions; court case-law; reports in mass media; scientific sources; regulatory legal acts of Ukraine. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Sanitary and hygienic conditions of living in housing provide for the formation of a human life environment, where there is no harmful effect of its factors on human health and there are opportunities to ensure normal and to restore impaired body functions. Each person is responsible for maintaining own sanitary and hygienic living conditions in the housing. Sanitary and hygienic living conditions of a person must be considered through the principle of reasonableness and safety of public health.

Framing UN Human Rights Discourses on Climate Change: The Concept of Vulnerability and its Relation to the Concepts of Inequality and Discrimination.

The concept of vulnerability is widely used in human rights policy documents, reports, and case law focusing on the impacts of climate change on human rights. In academic discussions, the concept, however, has also sparked a discussion on its benefits and challenges for the advancement of human rights, especially concerning the principles of equality and non-discrimination. This article aims at contributing to this debate from a frame-analytical perspective. In social sciences, frame-analysis is a form of discourse analysis which focuses on the consequences of different concepts for legal, political, and social discussions and norms. With the example of selected UN documents on different human rights issues in the context of climate change, the article, firstly, analyzes whether and how the concept of vulnerability is defined in the documents and why it is used in the documents. Secondly, it is elaborated to which individuals and groups the concept is applied. Thirdly, it is discussed how vulnerability is conceptualized in relation to or in distinction to the concepts of inequality and discrimination. In a further section it is analyzed what narratives are mobilized by the frame of vulnerability. The article concludes that from a discourse-analytical perspective the frame of vulnerability mobilizes problematic narratives which has gendered and racialized implications for those labeled vulnerable.

"What Works" to Support LGBTQ+ Young People's Mental Health: An Intersectional Youth Rights Approach.

Despite overwhelming international evidence of elevated rates of poor mental health in LGBTQ+ youth compared to their cis-heterosexual peers, we know relatively little about effective mental health services for this population group. This study aims to produce the first early intervention model of "what works" to support LGBTQ+ youth with emerging mental health problems. Utilizing a mixed method case study, we collected data across 12 UK mental health service case study sites that involved: (a) interviews with young people, parents, and mental health practitioners (n = 93); (b) documentary analysis; (c) nonparticipant observation. The data analysis strategy was theoretical using the "explanation-building" analytical technique. Our analysis suggests an intersectional youth rights approach with 13 principles that must be enacted to provide good mental health services as advocated by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and World Health Organization. This approach should address the multiple forms of marginalization and stigmatization that LGBTQ+ youth may experience, enable informed independent decision-making, and uphold the right to freedom of safe self-expression. A rights-based approach to mental health services for LGBTQ+ young people is not prominent. This needs to change if we are to tackle this mental health inequality and improve the mental well-being of LGBTQ+ youth worldwide.

Acceso y adhesión a proceso de intervención psicosocial diferenciado para los servicios y sistemas de salud en varones gay adultos viviendo con el VIH, Paraguay, 2022 / Access and adherence to a differentiated psychosocial intervention process for health services and systems in adult gay men living with HIV, Paraguay, 2022

Introducción: el acceso a los servicios de salud en Paraguay, está determinado por varios tipos de barreras. Por ello, es preciso describir el impacto que tienen las políticas públicas y sus implicancias en la mitigación de las mismas. Objetivo: describir el acompañamiento diferenciado y su contribución al apoyo socio emocional, adhesión al tratamiento y acceso a servicios de salud en el área de atención a personas varones que viven con el VIH. Metodología: estudio de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo, con entrevistas semi estructuradas y muestra no probabilística, dirigida e intencional; Resultados: este estudio cualitativo exploró las experiencias de personas viviendo con VIH que recibieron acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado en un servicio de atención integral. Los participantes destacaron la importancia del acompañamiento para afrontar la crisis posterior al diagnóstico. La orientación presencial, escucha empática y seguimiento facilitaron la vinculación y adherencia al servicio de salud y al tratamiento antirretroviral. El apoyo psicosocial fue clave para desmitificar ideas erróneas sobre el VIH/SIDA, empoderarse sobre su estado serológico y mejorar la calidad de vida. Se enfatizó el rol de los grupos de pares para brindar contención. Algunos participantes reportaron experiencias previas de revelación no consentida y vulneración de confidencialidad. El acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado resultó fundamental para facilitar la inserción y permanencia de las personas con VIH en los servicios de atención integral (adhesión al tratamiento). Conclusiones: el acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado resultó clave para facilitar la vinculación y adherencia en personas con VIH. La atención integral requiere identificar situaciones particulares, establecer relaciones de confianza y comunicación efectiva. El apoyo inicial es fundamental brindando contención ante el impacto emocional del diagnóstico. El seguimiento continuo es esencial dada la doble discriminación. La confidencialidad y capacidad de generar vínculos empáticos son elementos centrales. Los factores mencionados favorecen la adhesión al tratamiento. Los resultados sugieren que estas prácticas psicosociales pueden optimizar modelos de atención integral a personas con VIH.

Introduction: access to healthcare services in Paraguay is influenced by various barriers. Thus, it is essential to describe the impact of public policies and their implications in mitigating these barriers. Objective: to describe the differentiated support and its contribution to socio-emotional support, therapeutic adherence, and access to healthcare services in the area of care for males living with HIV. Methodology: a qualitative, descriptive study with semi-structured interviews and a non-probabilistic, directed, and intentional sample. Results: this qualitative study explored the experiences of individuals living with HIV who received differentiated psychosocial support in an integrated care service. Participants emphasized the importance of support in coping with the post-diagnosis crisis. In-person guidance, empathetic listening, and follow-up facilitated engagement and adherence to healthcare services and antiretroviral treatment. Psychosocial support played a critical role in debunking misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, empowering individuals regarding their serostatus, and improving their quality of life. The role of peer groups in providing emotional support was emphasized. Some participants reported previous experiences of non-consensual disclosure and confidentiality breaches. Differentiated psychosocial support was essential in promoting the integration and retention of people with HIV in integrated care services (therapeutic adherence). Conclusions: differentiated psychosocial support was crucial in facilitating the engagement and adherence of individuals with HIV. Comprehensive care necessitates identifying specific situations, establishing trust-based relationships, and effective communication. Initial support is vital for providing emotional support in the face of the diagnostic impact. Ongoing follow-up is essential due to the dual discrimination faced. Confidentiality and the ability to build empathetic relationships are central elements. The aforementioned factors favor adherence to treatment. The results suggest that these psychosocial practices can enhance models of comprehensive care for people with HIV.

Messages about climate, pollution and social justice harms of tobacco as motivators to quit: an untapped communication opportunity?

BACKGROUND: Campaigns highlighting the health harms of smoking have demonstrated success in motivating people who smoke to quit. Tobacco production and use also exert a toll on the environment, sustainable development and human rights. However, messages highlighting these harms of tobacco have been relatively unexplored as a cessation motivation strategy. In this study, we examined the extent to which a range of messages about climate, pollution and social justice harms of tobacco are perceived as motivating among people who smoke, overall and by sociodemographics. DATA AND METHODS: Australian adults who smoke (n=395) aged 18-59 years reported the 'extent to which each of the following motivated them to quit smoking' and were then presented with messages about climate (four items), pollution (three items) and social justice (three items) harms of tobacco, which they rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 'Not at all' to 5 'Very much so' in this online cross-sectional survey. Differences by age, education, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and geographical region were examined using prevalence ratios from generalised linear models with log-link (Poisson regression). RESULTS: For each of the 10 messages, between one-half and two-thirds of the overall sample perceived them as motivating (49-65%), particularly messages highlighting harms to human or animal life and welfare (all ≥60%). Across all message themes, younger adults (18-35 years) and those who completed tertiary education were more likely to perceive some messages as motivating. Perceived motivation did not vary significantly by gender, SES or geographical region. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that value-based messaging featuring the environmental and social justice footprint of tobacco is perceived as motivating for smoking cessation, especially among younger people and those with higher education who may be more engaged with these issues. Inclusion of such messages as part of a comprehensive antitobacco communication strategy may provide an untapped opportunity by potentially providing people who smoke with additional compelling reasons to quit.

Inclusive dignity.

The idea of dignity is pervasive in political discourse. It is central to human rights theory and practice, and it features regularly in conceptions of social justice as well as in the social movements they seek to understand or orient. However, dignity talk has been criticized for leading to problematic exclusion. Critics challenge it for undermining our recognition of the rights of non-human animals and of many human individuals (such as children, the elderly, and people with disabilities). I argue that, on a plausible articulation of it, the idea of dignity does not lead to these exclusions and that it in fact helps defend an appropriately inclusive moral and political treatment of all individuals. Difficult issues about equality and diversity indeed arise, but a dignitarian approach can provide good answers to them or at least help make them clearer and more tractable.

Use of Shackles on Incarcerated Pregnant Women.

The United States has the largest population of prisoners worldwide, and profound racial and structural inequities exist within this population. Qualitative and quantitative data suggest that shackling incarcerated pregnant women occurs in the United States despite anti-shackling legislation and recommendations from professional organizations against shackling. Incarcerated women are vulnerable to adverse health outcomes when shackled during labor, birth, and the postpartum period. Because anti-shackling legislation is often nonexistent or not comprehensive, nurses play a critical patient advocacy role. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness of state anti-shackling legislation and deficiencies. We also aim to promote effective state advocacy and meaningful change in clinical practice to improve patient safety and health care quality for incarcerated pregnant women.

State and sex-specific trends in the annual incidence of child marriage in the United States since the year 2000.

OBJECTIVES: Child marriage, defined as marriage before 18 years of age, is a violation of human rights with harmful consequences for population health, educational attainment, and economic opportunities. Child marriage is legal across most of the United States but how often it happens is challenging to estimate. We measured state and sex-specific trends in the annual incidence of child marriage in 41 states and the District of Columbia. METHODS: We collected data from marriage certificates filed between 2000 and 2019. These certificates allowed us to identify marriages that occurred within each state and involved a spouse under the age of 18. We divided the number of 15-17-year-olds married in each year by the number of children in that age range living in the state in that year and graphed these annual rates to present trends over time. RESULTS: The rate of child marriage declined substantially across the United States between 2000 and 2019. Over 75 % of all married children in each state were girls. Girls married men who were an average of 4 years older than they were, and the age gap was substantially larger when girls married than when boys married. CONCLUSIONS: Child marriage continues across most of the United States and reflects gender inequities in American society. The continued legality of marriage before the age of 18 is at odds with the country's commitment to eliminate child marriage by the year 2030 and violates the human rights of children, primarily girls, across the country.

Human equality and the impermissibility of abortion: a response to Bozzo.

I have recently offered a defence of human equality, and consequently an argument against abortion. This has been objected to by Bozzo, on the grounds that my account of human equality is unclear and could be grounded in utilitarian or Kantian ethics, that my account struggles to ground the permissibility of therapeutic abortions, and that my proposed foundation for human equality itself is parasitic on a scalar property which generates the same difficulties I am attempting to solve. I provide an account of human equality which cannot easily be grounded in utilitarianism or Kantianism, offer a variety of defences of therapeutic abortion consistent with treating the mother and child equally, and show that even if the value of humanness is ultimately grounded in a scalar quality, my argument succeeds.

Abortion and the basis of equality: a reply to Miller.

Miller has recently argued that the standard liberal and moderate positions on abortion are incapable of grounding the claim that 'all non-disabled adult humans are equal'. The reason, he claims, is such accounts base the intrinsic moral worth of a human being on some property (or set of properties) which comes in degrees. In contrast, he argues that moral equality must reside in some binary property, such as the property of being human. In this paper, I offer three criticisms of Miller's position.

Mad activisms in mental health: a integrative review. / Activismos locos en salud mental: una revisión integrativa.

The following text presents the results of a integrative review whose purpose was to identify and analyze the production of academic literature on mad activism in the field of mental health and its link with the notions of disability and neurodiversity. From searches conducted in May 2023 in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, 52 articles were selected, and thematic content analysis strategies were applied. The results account for various articulations between the concepts addressed, establishing a critical look at the biomedical model in mental health. In the forms of mad activism, the human rights approach, the fight against stigma and its influence on the reform processes of the mental health system become relevant. On the other hand, a framework of social justice, identity policies and practices of mutual support from the community are established. As a whole, they emphasize methodological innovations and an intersectional perspective on the production of knowledge. It is concluded that it is possible to situate madness as a field of constitution of a political actor and epistemic subject. Based on this, possible lines of research on mad activisms in Latin America are formulated.

Se exponen los resultados de una revisión integrativa que tuvo como propósito identificar y analizar la producción de literatura académica sobre el activismo loco en el campo de la salud mental y su vinculación con las nociones de discapacidad y neurodiversidad. De las búsquedas realizadas en mayo del 2023, en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed, se seleccionaron 52 artículos, y se aplicaron estrategias de análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados dan cuenta de diversas articulaciones entre los conceptos abordados, estableciendo una mirada crítica hacia el modelo biomédico en salud mental. En las formas de activismo loco, adquieren relevancia el enfoque de derechos humanos, la lucha contra el estigma y su influencia en los procesos de reforma al sistema de salud mental. Por otra parte, establecen un marco de justicia social, políticas de identidad y prácticas de apoyo mutuo desde la comunidad. En su conjunto, enfatizan innovaciones metodológicas y una mirada interseccional en la producción de conocimientos. Se concluye que es posible situar la locura como campo de constitución de un actor político y sujeto epistémico. Con base en ello, se formulan posibles líneas de investigación sobre los activismos locos en América Latina.

Jornalismo, população em situação de rua e eventos internacionais: uma análise de reportagens do jornal O Globo em 2017 / Journalism, homeless population and international events: an analysis of reportages in O Globo newspaper in 2017 / Periodismo, población en situación de calle y eventos internacionales: un análisis de reportajes del periódico O Globo en 2017

Este artigo tem o propósito de analisar as representações das pessoas em situação de rua e da violência em quatro reportagens expressivas do jornal O Globo, a fim de identificar se elas são retratadas como responsáveis pela violência urbana ou como vítimas de grupos violentos. Serão examinadas reportagens publicadas em 2017, um ano após a cidade ter passado por transformações significativas para os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos, incluindo investimentos em segurança pública por parte dos governos federal e estadual, alterações no espaço urbano e remoção forçada de pessoas em situação de rua das áreas turísticas. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, será utilizada como metodologia a análise de narrativas conforme Bastos e Biar e Spink. Em resumo, o jornal oscilou entre a demonização dessas pessoas, reforçando preconceitos associados a elas, e a abertura, ainda que em menor medida, para a divulgação das violências enfrentadas por esse segmento da população

This article aims to analyze the representations of people experiencing homelessness and of violence in four significant reportages in O Globo newspaper in order to determine whether they are portrayed as responsible for urban violence or as victims of violent groups. The selected reportages which will be examined were published in 2017, a year after the implementation of significant transformations in the city for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, including investments in public security by the federal and state governments, changes in urban space, and removal of homeless population by force from tourist areas. To achieve the proposed objective, the narrative analysis according to the approaches of Bastos and Biar and Spink will be employed as methodology. In short, the newspaper oscillated between demonising these individuals, reinforcing prejudices associated with them, and opening up, albeit to a lesser extent, to publicise the violence faced by this segment of the population

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las representaciones de las personas en situación de calle y de la violencia en cuatro reportajes significativos del periódico O Globo para determinar si él las retrata como responsables de la violencia urbana o como víctimas de grupos violentos. Serán examinados reportajes publicados en 2017, un año después de que la ciudad había pasado por transformaciones significativas debido a los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos, que incluyeron inversiones en seguridad pública por parte de los gobiernos federal y estatal, cambios en el espacio urbano y la remoción forzada de personas en situación de calle de las zonas turísticas. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se empleará el análisis narrativo como metodología de acuerdo con los enfoques de Bastos y Biar y Spink. En resumen, el periódico osciló entre la demonización de estas personas, reforzando los prejuicios asociados a ellas, y la apertura, aunque en menor medida, a la divulgación de las violencias enfrentadas por este segmento de la población

Abortion access in the Americas: a hemispheric and historical approach.

This perspective article situates the 2022 United States (U.S.) Supreme Court's overturning of Roe v. Wade (1973) within the broader history of abortion rights activism and legislation in the greater Americas. The U.S. public has stereotyped Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) as socially conservative regarding gender issues and anti-reproductive rights. But twenty-first-century LAC presents a more complicated landscape than this dominant narrative suggests. In the past 15 years, political, legislative, and public health advances and setbacks across the region provide both a blueprint for re-establishing access to safe and legal abortion and a warning on the consequences of the criminalization of abortion for the U.S. Employing a narrative approach that summarizes recent interdisciplinary literature, this perspective traces the history of the expansion of abortion access in the Americas. Mexico (2007, 2023), Uruguay (2012), Argentina (2020), and Colombia (2022) legalized abortion on demand within specific timeframes. These expansions coexist with severe restrictions on abortion in various nations including Haiti (1835), the Dominican Republic (1884, 2009), Honduras (1985, 2021), El Salvador (1997), and Nicaragua (2006), as well as some states in the United States (2022). This perspective finds that legalization occurs when feminist activists eschew U.S.-based feminist rhetoric of individual rights and choice to reframe abortion as a form of gender-based violence within a discourse of health and wellbeing as a human right. According to this perspective, restrictions on access to the procedure constitute a form of violence against women and people capable of bearing children and violate human rights.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR: LEGAL ASPECTS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the features of legal regulation of preventing conflicts of interest in the healthcare field in foreign countries in order to propose improvements to national legislation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The methodological basis of the article is a set of methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. Methods of theoretical analysis, system-analytical, comparative-legal methods provided us with the opportunity to characterize the features of the legal regulation of preventing conflicts of interest in the area under study. RESULTS: Results: The common features of preventing conflicts of interest in the healthcare field in foreign countries are: (1) a combination of mandatory, recommendatory, ethical and legal norms that define a number of requirements, restrictions and prohibitions in this area; (2) different levels of legal regulation of conflicts of interest (international, national, regional, local); (3) two approaches to determining the content of conflict of interest: general (the conflict is defined the same for all cases) and differentiated (the conflict of interest is determined by each area, taking into account its specifics). The debatable and problematic issues of conflict prevention in the national healthcare system are analyzed, and amendments to the medical legislation are proposed. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Prevention of conflict of interest in the healthcare field should be considered as a specific group of public legal relations and an independent subject of legal regulation arising from the norms of the legislation of most foreign countries.

Developing a Health Equity Impact Assessment 'Indigenous Lens Tool' to address challenges in providing equitable cancer screening for indigenous peoples.

BACKGROUND: In spite of past efforts to increase screening uptake, the rates of screening-detectable cancers including breast, cervical, colorectal and lung are rising among Indigenous persons in Ontario compared to other Ontarians. The Ontario Ministry of Health has an equity framework, the Health Equity Impact Assessment (HEIA) Tool, that was developed to guide organizations in the provision of more equitable health and social services. Although the HEIA Tool identifies that the health of Indigenous persons may benefit from more equitable provision of health and social services, it provides very little specific guidance on how to apply the HEIA Tool in a culturally relevant way to policies and programs that may impact Indigenous peoples. DISCUSSION: Guided by the Calls to Action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, an Indigenous Lens Tool was developed through a collaborative and iterative process with stakeholders at Cancer Care Ontario and with representatives from Indigenous community-based organizations. The Indigenous Lens Tool consists of four scenarios, with supporting documentation that provide context for each step of the HEIA Tool and thereby facilitate application of the equity framework to programs and policies. The document is in no way meant to be comprehensive or representative of the diverse health care experiences of Indigenous peoples living in Canada nor the social determinants that surround health and well-being of Indigenous peoples living in Canada. Rather, this document provides a first step to support development of policies and programs that recognize and uphold the rights to health and well-being of Indigenous peoples living in Canada. CONCLUSIONS: The Indigenous Lens Tool was created to facilitate implementation of an existing health equity framework within Cancer Care Ontario (now Ontario Health). Even though the Indigenous Lens Tool was created for this purpose, the principles contained within it are translatable to other health and social service policy applications.

A Portrait of the Rights of Children with Disabilities in Nigeria: A Policy Review.

Worldwide, 200 million children experience disability, with the vast majority living in low- and middle-income countries. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) places great importance on the rights of all children for the opportunities for survival, growth, health, and development. A subsequent document, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), identifies children with disabilities as rights bearers who should be considered in all policies and programming worldwide. Nigeria, in 1991 and 2010, ratified the CRC and the CRPD, respectively. Nonetheless, knowledge of the extent to which their disability and child-directed policies considers these two key conventions, in ensuring that children and children with disabilities have access to care within their right remains limited. This study examined the extent to which Nigeria's current disability and childhood policies have integrated the two child and disability related conventions from the UN. Using a structured search of databases and Nigerian federal and state government websites, we conducted a policy review to identify their disability and child-related disability policies. We also included the CRC and CRPD reports submitted by the Nigerian government to the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (2008 and 2010 cyclical year). A thematic analysis, based on the CRC and CRPD report, identified the following six themes: participation, support systems, awareness raising, factors associated with adherence to the CRC, laws and rights, and services. The review showed that the available Nigerian disability policies were federal, with some state policies which aligned with the CRC and CRPD. Also identified was the lack of disability policies specific to children and their families. We concluded that, to ensure proper inclusion of the rights of all children, including those with disabilities, in Nigeria there is a need for a more optimal uptake of recommendations of the CRC and CRPD as laid out by the UN.